Risk factors for falls
- History of falls,
- Age over 80 years
- Muscle weakness, Arthritis, Use of a walking aid
- Visual impairment
- Gait or balance abnormality
- Impaired activities of daily living
- Depression, Cognitive impairment, Psychotropic medication
Prevention of falls and fractures
- Exercise: components of lower limb strength and balance training
- Multimodal group exercise
- Tai Chi
- Calcium and vitamin D supplementation
- Home environment assessment and modification
- Medication review:
- hypnotics, anticholinergic, hypotensive drugs
- Cataract surgery:
- Anti-slip shoes:
- Effective only in icy conditions
- Cardiac pacemaker
- for carotid sinus hypersensitivity