Pain management 

Needs multidisciplinary approach

Treatment of underlying cause

• inflammatory disease: immunosuppressive therapy 
• cancer: chemo, radio, hormone therapy 
• infection: antimicrobial therapy

Treatment of pain

• Supported self management

• Physical therapy:

• Land-based:  Walking, Gym work, Exercise classes, Yoga, Pilates, Tai-chi,
• Water-based:  Hydrotherapy, Swimming, Exercise classes

• Pharmacological therapy:

• Paracetamol, NSAIDs, Opioids
• Gabapentin, pregabalin, TCA, SNRI (duloxetine)
• Lidocaine patches, Capsaicin patch, ketamine 
• Nerve blocks with lidocaine and glucocorticoids

• Psychological therapy:

• Stimulation therapy:

• acupuncture
• transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) 
• spinal cord stimulation.

• Complementary & alternative therapy:

• herbal medicines, homeopathy 
• vitamins

• Nerve block & nerve ablation 

• occipital nerve blocks for migraine or cervicogenic headache