SAQ (Short Answer Question): How to evaluate a 46 years old man presented with polyuria?
Def: Urine output more than 3 L/day in adults.
History:
- H/O nocturnal polyuria ———————– indicates pathological cause
- Age of onset:
- Early: hereditary nephrogenic DI / familial central DI /Type I DM
- Late: other DI or type II DM
- Rapidity of onset:
- Rapid: central DI
- Gradual: nephrogenic DI
- H/O polyphagia: DM
- H/O head injury, pituitary surgery, encephalopathy ———————– Central DI
- H//O recent urological surgery ———————- relief of obstructive uropathy
- Family history of DI or DM
- Muscle weakness, fatigue, difficulty in rising from chair, combing hair, with or without hypertension ——————— prolonged hypokalemia (eg. Conn syndrome)
- History of anxiety, psychiatric illness ————————psychogenic polydipsia
- Drug history: (most important, easy to forget !!!)
- Diuretics, SGLT2 inhibitor, tolvaptan, lithium
- Vitamin D, calcium
- Loose motion, chronic abdominal pain, weight loss: FCPD ————————– → DM
Examination:
-
- Wasting, Dehydration
- Features of Malabsorption
- Diabetic mellitus features
- Fundoscopy : DM
Investigations:
Investigation | Finding |
Blood sugar, HbA1c |
|
serum urea, electrolytes |
|
Plasma osmolality |
|
Urine for osmolality, | |
serum calcium, albumin |
|
Water deprivation test 5% saline infusion test |
|
Serum copeptin |
|
Investigations algorithm:
24 hour Urine volume
↓ ↓
< 3L >3L
(Diagnosis: Normal) ↓
Urine osmolality
↓ ↓
>300 < 300
↓ ↓
Diagnosis: DM Water deprivation test
↓ ↓
Negative Positive
[↑ Plasma (>300) & ↑ urine osmolality (>600)] [↑plasma osmol (>300); ↓urine osmol (<600)]
Diagnosis: Psychogenic polydipsia ↓
Diagnosis: Diabetes Insipidus (may be central or peripheral)
↓
Administer DDAVP
↓
If Urine Osmolality rises by 50%
↓
Diagnosis: Cranial Diabetes Insipidus